Commentary
Cross-border co-operation stronger for non-central bank supervisors
Roughly one-fifth of central banks lack supervisory college membership
Size and business model are key elements of risk profile
Supervisors tend to inspect systemic banks once a year
Supervisors report sharp increase in AI adoption
Summarisation ranks as topmost area of application, with biggest use in larger teams
Less than third of supervisors ran resolution exercise in past year
But most in Europe and Americas have dedicated resolution team
Half of jurisdictions practise collateral pre-positioning
Most believe banks in their jurisdictions are ready to access emergency central bank liquidity
Credit risk is supervisors’ top priority
Climate and AI risks rank lowest across respondents
Resolution framework fully enacted for 66% of supervisors
Bridge bank and bad bank are most widely available tools followed by statutory and contractual bail-ins
Europe leads in funds for deposit insurance and resolution
Supervisors from high income jurisdictions more likely to operate deposit insurance and resolution funds
African supervisory authorities tend to lack sufficient staff
Most respondents combine banking supervision in one unit
Non-central bank authorities tend to supervise non-banks
Non-banks offering credit-like products unregulated in tenth of jurisdictions
Central banks laying ground for multi-currency settlement
Africa leads as region with most RTGS systems able to settle multiple currencies
Over 70% of jurisdictions now have an instant payments system
Nearly a fifth of central banks plan to launch a system in the future
AML/CFT seen as biggest barrier to improving cross-border payments
All African central banks say AML/CFT compliance is a major challenge
Three in 10 instant payment systems built in-house
Montran is most widely-used commercial partner for development
One in five central banks regulates stablecoins
Most respondents are indifferent on use of stablecoins for payment
Number of unplanned outages in RTGS systems doubles
Central banks with longest average downtime typically plan to upgrade system within a year
Two-thirds of RTGS systems now aligned with ISO 20022
Over 80% of central banks aligned with CPMI harmonised standards
RTGS systems with broader hours accessed by more financial firms
Number of non-banks with RTGS systems access doubles year on year
RTGS systems’ running costs linked to operational hours
Two-thirds of infrastructure still operational for 7–12 hours daily
RTGS systems process nearly 200 million payments on average
Transaction values average $11.6 trillion among respondents
Number of RTGS fee-regulating central banks rises
More than two-fifths of retail payments ecosystem were diversified in 2025