Commentary
Collateral pre-positioning reported in half of jurisdictions
Most supervisors believe banks are ready to access emergency central bank liquidity
Supervisors report low adoption of newer global standards
High income supervisors more likely to have regulations in place
Data automation at ‘moderate’ level in most supervisors
Over 70% of supervisors plan to upgrade data collection in the next year
Three in five supervisory authorities publish oversight outcomes
Majority of respondents release supervision details in annual report
Digitalisation is top strategic priority for supervisors
Majority of supervisors have a strategy document but only half make them public
Most supervisors monitor banks’ exposure to non-banks
But majority do not apply Pillar 2 requirements specific to non-bank exposures
Supervisors review banks’ asset quality at varied frequencies
Middle income supervisors tend to review assets more often than high income counterparts
Systemic banks prioritised in onsite inspections
Supervisors’ activities commonly include interviews, reviews and verifications
Onsite inspection frequency tailored to individual firms’ risk profiles
All authorities in high and middle income countries engage in risk-based exercises
Pillar 2 supervisory requirements broadly decided at national level
Only 15% of authorities operate regional supervision offices
Supervisors rate resource sufficiency higher than staffing
Annual salary of supervision officials averages just over $40,000
Most supervisors have mandate to oversee non-banks
Supervision department staff average just over 150 individuals
Handful of central banks have bilateral payment links
Projects are nascent and growing, but some countries seek multilateral links instead
Central banks favour instant payments over CBDCs
Interoperability of systems and financial inclusion drive decisions among survey respondents
Half of central banks have yet to adopt ISO 20022 in RTGS systems
Adoption rate increased sharply in 2025 with more planning to upgrade soon
Instant payment system adoption grows 16.5% year on year
Most central banks either have a system or plan to launch one
Near-24/7 RTGS systems more susceptible to outages
Central banks with longest uptime also report highest number of contingency sites
Most RTGS systems projected for upgrade within a year
Two in three RTGSs operating 13–16 hours daily to be upgraded within a year
Central banks value tokenisation for efficiency and security
Respondents see less value in crypto or stablecoin payments
Budget and RTGS operating expenses rise year on year
Share of central banks charging both fixed and varied fees for RTGS access grows
Most central banks operate RTGS seven to 12 hours daily
Respondents processed over $6 trillion via system in 2024
Number of non-banks with RTGS access rises year on year
Middle income central banks account for largest number of connections
Half of retail payment sectors saw diversification last year
Changes include regulations, technology and rate of participation
Two-fifths of central banks leave payment fees unregulated
Middle income institutions more likely to regulate prices than other respondents