Monetary Policy 2025
Monetary Policy Benchmarks 2025 – executive summary
Data reveals risks to the outlook, applications of scenario analysis and balance sheet policy
Half of central banks offer no forward guidance
MPCs that meet at above-average frequency less likely to observe blackout period
MPCs with more frequent meetings tend to be more transparent
Just under three-tenths of central banks publish current level of r-star
Geopolitics and supply shocks top monetary policy risks outlook
Risk factors vary by nominal anchors and geographical regions
Committees of exchange rate targeting central banks meet most often
Inflation targeters have the average highest number of committee members
Targeted liquidity facilities decline year on year
Lending to small businesses and other goals are top criteria for access
Central banks’ asset purchase programmes thin out further
One in five inflation targeters still use scheme, but most plan to taper purchases
Most monetary policy units sufficiently resourced
Macroeconomic analysis and research duties are officials’ top functions
Monetary policy staff annual pay rises year on year
Divisional budget averages less than $10 million a year
Middle income monetary policy teams comprise more junior staff
Monetary policy FTE employees average nearly 40 individuals across central banks
Scenario analysis widely used to assess risk but communication varies
Most central banks produce multiple forecasts to illustrate monetary policy risks, but less than half publish them
BoK meeting minutes show sole dissenter favoured rate cut
Board members agreed economy showed signs of recovery, but majority voted to hold
