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Research

Monies contain embedded options

The face values of all notes and coins contain embedded options, argues a new paper written by Espen Gaarder Haug and John Stevenson, two quantitative-finance analysts.

Pyramid firms have more debt

Controlling shareholders in pyramid firms, a structure where an ultimate owner uses indirect ownership to maintain control over a large group of companies, use debt to secure their private benefits, new research from the Bank of Canada posits.

Sepa project must be extended

The scope of the Single Euro Payments Area (Sepa) project must be extended to include standardisation in the field of value-added services, such as e-invoicing, a new paper from the National Bank of Denmark states.

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