Data
Most jurisdictions have not withdrawn denominations in past five years
Thirty-two central banks have an average of six denominations in circulation
Central bank boards most often make decisions on banknote imagery
Banknotes image types vary from recognised figures to natural phenomena
Majority of central banks have access-to-cash policies
More than two-fifths require a minimum level of cash services from banks
Counterfeit banknotes removed from circulation average $425,000
UV ink and intaglio printing are most common security features
Banknotes generally have at least one aid for visually impaired
Raised inks are most common feature, followed by making denominations different sizes
Few central banks use big data tools to forecast currency demand
Forecasting is very common, while few expect big changes in currency needs for 2023
US consumers may be listening more to Fed comms, researchers say
Consumer expectations becoming more informative and less sticky, survey data suggests
Banknote contagion measures reduced in 2022
Participating institutions say coronavirus has shaped currency demand
Paper-based banknotes still outnumber polymer substrates
Most banks do not plan adoption of new substrates
Cash usage drops further to an average of 42.5% across jurisdictions
Just one African institution and a European jurisdiction experience growth in cash payments
Should a CBDC really be like cash?
Electronic and physical cash are fundamentally different and must be treated as such
Fewer central banks report climate strategy
Incineration still most common practice among institutions recycling banknotes
Christopher Sims on modelling the inflation surge
Unprecedented shocks creates major challenges for forecasters, the Nobel prize-winning economist says
Monetary Policy Benchmarks 2022 – presentation
Central Banking’s economics subject matter specialist Daniel Hinge discusses monetary policy after Covid-19
Most central banks plan no new banknotes in near future
Fewer than a quarter of banks plan new notes in next five years
Demand for cash in turbulent times
Antti Heinonen analyses trends in cash use as Covid fades, but new shocks take its place
CBDC, cash and fast payments: the view from the IMF meetings
Digital currency and fast payments present ample opportunity for improvements, say policy-makers
Reserve Benchmarks 2022 charts
Take a deep dive into the Reserve Benchmarks charts, which have just been released for 2022
Share of reserve managers investing in green and social bonds declines
Share of portfolios allocated to these assets grow modestly
Ukraine: the challenges for central banks
Rules on the weaponisation of money would help to protect a ‘public good’ amid geopolitical splits in a testing environment for central banks, write Gavin Bingham, Paul Fisher and Andrew Large
BIS project seeks better historical statistics
Collaboration aims at better understanding of economic history
Average central bank equity allocations at 11.9%
Despite higher volatility, high income central banks increase their investments in equities
Asset diversification and staff training main goals for external contracts
All non-high income central banks aim to offer training to staff
Most central banks expect sanctions on Russia to have a long-term effect
Trend is weaker in Europe than in the Americas, Asia-Pacific and Africa