Gjedrem on the transatlantic economic partnership

To read past central bank speeches use our Speech Finder. Click the link on the right.

Introduction by Norway's central bank Governor Svein Gjedrem at Nordic Investment Bank Economic Colloquium, New York, 19 November 2002.

Transatlantic Economic Partnership - Nordic and American perspectives

Click here to view the charts which accompany the speech.

The Nordic countries and the US have long historic ties. I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the number of Norwegians and their descendants living in the US today is larger than the population of Norway. I think similar numbers can be found for the other Scandinavian countries. I will attempt to show here today that even in economic terms, the ties have never been closer. I will mainly concentrate on the Nordic perspective, but I also have few specific remarks about Norway.

Chart: GNI per capita

The Nordic economies are small, open and mature economies. At least, Norway, Iceland and Denmark compare roughly with US income levels. In the case of Norway, the income differential against the US is mainly explained by shorter working hours.

Chart: Labour productivity

Business productivity growth has been high throughout the 1990s. The chart shows development of productivity per working hour in Norway and the US. Unfortunately, I don't have comparable figures for the other Nordic countries. I do, however, believe that they all, with the possible exception of Iceland, have had stronger productivity growth than the US over the period.

Chart: Government employment and current tax and non-tax receipts

Most Nordic countries have large public sectors, reflecting the fact that many services such as health and education are produced within the public sector. This is especially the case in Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

Chart: General government financial balance and current account balance

Another prominent feature is that, except for Iceland, the Nordic countries have a twin surplus in the public sector and on the current account. This implies a net outflow of capital from the region.

The facts I have mentioned may lead outsiders to regard the Nordic region as one group, made up of similar economies. However, there are also some striking differences.

Chart: Nordic countries - institutional differences

We differ in our relations to the EU and with respect to monetary policy regimes. Sweden, Denmark and Finland are members of the EU. Finland is also a member of EMU. The Danish krone is linked to the euro through a fixed exchange rate, while Sweden, Iceland and Norway have inflation targets and a floating exchange rate.

Our financial markets differ in size and structure.

Chart: Bond market values.

Government bond markets are generally small, even in relation to GDP. There is, however, a relatively large market for private bonds, especially in Denmark. The bond market in Denmark is twice the size of the stock market.

Chart: Stock market values.

Finland has the largest stock market relative to the economy. This reflects, I believe, the rise of Nokia as the world's leading mobile phone company. We see that the Finnish and Swedish markets have followed the US market more closely than the other Nordic markets.

Chart: Sector composition of NOREX exchanges

This also reflects differences in industry structure. The sector composition of the three Scandinavian stock exchanges provides an illustration. The Oslo Stock Exchange is heavily dominated by the energy sector, which is practically absent on the other Nordic exchanges. Norway has small traditional industries, but the IT and telecom sector is comparable to the other countries' in relative size. The different sector composition of the stock exchanges also illustrates the potential for diversification by investing across the Nordic countries.

Chart: Correlation with world index

The difference in sectoral composition may in part explain the differences in correlation of Nordic stock exchanges with the world economy.

Chart: Direct investments

The links with the US economy are many and complex. The US is one of our major trading partners. But the ties are perhaps even more evident in the capital markets. All the Nordic countries have relatively large direct investments in the US economy. In addition, US capital markets today have a decisive impact on developments around the globe. American capital has also been important for investments in the Nordic economies.

Chart: US direct investments in Norway

US companies have been pioneers in developing the Norwegian petroleum sector, which is crucial for us. Last year, Norway was the world's third largest exporter of oil. Even today, two thirds of US direct investments in Norway are linked to our petroleum sector.

Chart: The Government Petroleum Fund

Revenues from the petroleum sector have generated an annual fiscal surplus of some 10-15 per cent over the last few years. Since 1995, the fiscal surplus has been invested in the Government Petroleum Fund. The Fund invests only in foreign markets. Investments - all portfolio investments - are spread between equities and fixed income instruments, as well as across countries. Approximately 29 per cent of the fund is invested directly in the US stock market and in dollar-denominated bonds.

Chart: Total capital of the Government Petroleum Fund

The size of the fund has increased rapidly over the last few years, and will reach approximately 90 per cent of GDP by the end of this decade, according to estimates from the Ministry of Finance. This implies further investments of considerable amounts, also in the US market. While the US economy has always been an important trading partner, our investments abroad and the globalisation of the financial system will further increase our interest in the US economy in the years ahead. The links, already important, will expand further.