Asia
Financial stability resources are sufficient, most central banks say
Some say they need to improve access to data, training and specialist staff
Most central banks say they have enough financial stability staff
Some face problems including lack of resources, uncompetitive salaries and complex training needs
UK committee claims China may have ‘engineered’ AIIB job
Legislators say China gave jobs to Alexander, Cameron and others to gain influence
Monetary policy staff numbers average below 40
European institutions and advanced economy central banks tend to have highest number of staff
PBoC eyes further opening of onshore repo for foreign investors
Chinese central bank gives first official signal it is looking at Swap Connect-style scheme for repo
Confidentiality of policy votes remains common practice
Proportion of central banks revealing voting information with a lag creeps up
Monetary policy reports usually published four times annually
Institutions from Africa tend to release fewer publications
Advanced economies most likely to survey trust and understanding
Data shows differences in how central banks judge the effectiveness of monetary policy
Treasury officials more likely to serve on advanced economy MPCs
Monetary policy committees or boards comprise 8.2 people on average globally
Use of asset purchase programmes for monetary policy wanes
Additional central banks end scheme, as more institutions forecast decrease
Few central banks brief fiscal authorities on monetary decisions
But practice is more common in institutions from the Americas
Debt issuance powers remain key attribute of most central banks
Proportion of non-debt issuing institutions narrows year-on-year to 6%
Median RTGS system processes nearly $100bn annually
Median value of payments rose by $15bn from the previous benchmark
Primary RTGS systems have average $1.65m in operating costs
Majority of central banks increased payments system divisions budgets in the past year
Payments oversight is under-resourced for a third of central banks
Respondents identify shortage of human capital, capacity building and dated technology as concerns
Few non-banks have access to RTGS systems
Maximum number of institutions reported to have access to one RTGS system was 233
Most central banks have payment and settlement supervision mandates
Payment system laws contain oversight powers in two-thirds of jurisdictions
Payment ecosystems remain relatively unchanged over past year
Most central banks help price RTGS services and many do for credit transfers and direct debits
ISO 20022 payments messaging adoption rate increases
Majority of central banks uphold plans to transition by 2025
More than 80% of central banks are investigating CBDC
Central banks feel negatively about retail digital currencies in their payment systems
Most central banks regulate or operate instant payment systems
Bank accounts, phone numbers and QR codes are most common access tools for instant payments
Most RTGS systems are more than three years old
Nearly 60% of central banks plan to upgrade their RTGS payment system in the next year
Most central banks use third-party payment providers
Montran, Swift, and CMA Small Systems come up repeatedly as third parties